Arizona evolved slowly before the American Civil War. The 1860 census reported a population of only 6,482 people with 4,040 listed as American Indian. Most of the 2,421 “white” population lived in one of Arizona’s two major settlements, Tucson and the area later known as Yuma. The natives on the Gila Indian Reservation, which had been created on the Gila River in central Arizona on February 28, 1859, represented most of the population of central Arizona. In 1863, the same year Arizona
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