One of those post-Indian Wars gunfights, almost lost in history, occurred in northern Arizona on November 11th, 1899, long after the Indian Wars had...
The Last Battle of the Indian Wars
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Where Was the Indian Territory?
In a word; eastern Oklahoma. Indian removals in the East began as early as 1817. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized...
The Wildest Town in Indian Territory
Muskogee, Oklahoma’s early years as a frontier outpost were violent, dangerous and unpredictable. Welcome to Muskogee, the rip-roaring and most...
The Indian Civil War
For the Cherokee, the conflict pitted brother against brother. The Civil War not only split the United States, but it also tore apart various Indian...
Yucca Roots for Shampoo
What did Indians use for soap, if anything? Or, was it not part of their culture? Usually the natives used plants to provide soap. For example, many...
Standing Tall
In September 1877, Red Cloud and Spotted Tail led a delegation of 10 Oglala, 10 Brulé and three Arapaho leaders to Washington, D.C. They...
Opening Shot – The Dead of Winter
Indian Infantry Company in winter uniforms pause from their training—possibly as Indian police—to have their photo taken in the winter of 1890.
Which Indian Tribes Tortured Their Prisoners? Nearly all the tribes tortured their captives to some degree...
Long before the Euro-Americans arrived Indian tribes were constantly at war with one another. Captives were often put to death. While being...
The Gatling Gun How effective were gatling guns against the Indians?
The Gatling Gun was a spring-loaded, multi-barrel, hand-cranked machine gun. Invented in 1861 by Richard Gatling. It fired 350 rounds a minute (if...
Smallpox Among the Plains Indians Did the U.S. Army intentionally infect the Indians to cause the Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1837?
A few years ago an activist wrote a revisionist history about the Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1837 claiming the U.S. Army deliberately infected a...
What History Has Taught Me: Paul Hedren
Sioux War Historian.
Buffalo Soldiers Blacks reached new heights of glory during the Indian Wars in the West, where they became known as “Buffalo Soldiers” by the Indians because of the texture of their hair...
African-Americans fought bravely in the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 and the Civil War, where nearly 180,000 Union soldiers were black. Of...